Poverty Deduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Destitution Deduction - Essay Example Notwithstanding the way that there is no social condition which doesn't include destitute individuals, the issue of neediness is frequently viewed as the one what must be comprehended by the administration to assist the whole society. This paper will dissect neediness decrease arrangements. It is very evident that administrative arrangements that were intended to raise the prosperity of the whole populace were started since the beginning of the United States. While they may have a shifting level of accomplishment, clearly the second 50% of the earlier century is the point at which the administration chose to make it probably the most elevated need. For instance, the researchers frequently allude to a few bits of enactment that were presented by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 as War on Poverty (Lerner, 2012, p. 93). To be sure, this is a somewhat significant point throughout the entire existence of social government assistance strategy as it highlights such goes about as Social Security Act, Food Stamp Act, The Economic Opportunity Act and Elementary and Secondary Education Act which formed the improvement of war on neediness for a long time. In the first place, one may take note of that there is an uncommon program is that broadly known and is created to assist individuals with getting away from destitution. It used to be known as Food Stamps Program, yet its contemporary name is Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. As indicated by it, any family in the nation that is qualified for this program can get extra cash in a structure option in contrast to US banknotes that will be utilized to purchase food. One of the significant focuses lies in the way that a family unit can incorporate from one to a boundless number of individuals, so truly anybody can apply (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, 2014). Obviously, there is a coherent limitation: the measure of cash that the family make ought to be sensibly low. Another strategy that ought to be considered is called Job Corps. As one can without much of a stretch supposition from its very name, this is a program that gives individuals work

Post-War Germany Comparison and Problems Free Essays

Post-war Germany examination and issues of financial advancement Through the past article depicts, we knew Germany from baifeidaixing status after the war to later come back to the amazing nations of the world. Need a great deal of qualified help, where the Government assumes a pivotal job. This is the reason crushed Germany to rise once more, and the triumph of the United Kingdom had lost its predominance. We will compose a custom article test on Post-War Germany Comparison and Problems or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now The destiny of two sorts of financial One of the most noteworthy highlights throughout the entire existence of Western Europe after the war in West Germany and the United Kingdom of incredible differences on monetary turn of events. Germany an age in their own destiny had encountered twice in the life of the vanquished: the urban areas were pulverized and cash disappointment, male work power is either executed or being held in captive camps, transport and administration framework had been totally annihilated. While the United Kingdom was just an unmistakable triumph in the subsequent world war in Europe. Beside being exposed to bombarding and work force injury, a United Kingdom structures all through the nation, for example, streets, railroads, docks, mechanical and mining endeavors have made due in the war completely. In any case, by the mid 1960 ‘s, the Federal Germany started to prosper, as Europe’s financial force, and the United Kingdom have deferred improvement of monetary development is falling a long ways behind different nations in Western Europe. As indicated by the 1960 ‘s financial development measurements, Germany’s monetary development rate was 9%, and United Kingdom for 2. 6%, except for Ireland outside the United Kingdom turned into the moderate advancement of the created nations. In 1958, the West German economy is more than the United Kingdom. According to numerous onlookers, United Kingdom is turning out to be Europe’s patients. The destiny of the two particular and with amusing, today it appears to be extremely educative. 1950 ‘s Germany a â€Å"economic miracle† the foundation lies in its 1930 recovery plan. The Nazis had contributed a lot of monetary and material assets in correspondence, arms, vehicles, optics, substance industry and non-ferrous metals and light motors were initially part of a war economy, yet after 20 years produced results. Financial expert Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard’s â€Å"social advertise economy† hypothesis as Germany as offered solid help, truth be told, political and business youthful ability of the post-war West Germany developed at first were Nazi authorities. Germany business basic foundation isn't harmed in the war. The mid 1950, fabricating organizations, banks, insurance agencies, wholesalers and recuperation tasks, giving items and administrations to remote markets. Indeed, even Germany mark rising neglected to frustrate Germany monetary improvement that he decrease the import cost of crude materials, yet there is no restriction on outside Germany item request, Germany is a high worth, mechanically propelled products. They win relies upon quality, as opposed to cost. What’s more, in the primary decades after World War I, they had little rivalry: Sweden, and French and the Netherlands who needs to get a few motors item or apparatus who, notwithstanding from Germany buys, had no way out. Intensity of providers higher than buyers’ power. By presenting an industry can find out about conditions. In 1960, the Germany vehicle producing in view of value and dependable motor has won global renown. Stuttgart’s Mercedes-Benz and BMW in Munich close imposing business model on the top notch vehicle showcase, first at home, at that point ceaselessly abroad. The Bonn Government to straightforwardly bolster the business, offering early help special advances to them, and to energize collaboration among banks and undertakings, to Germany organizations give money ventures . Volkswagen as ahead of schedule as 1945 finishes the framework. What's more, in the same way as other different enterprises in West Germany after the war, Volkswagen profited by a free market economy, it has not endured lost rivalry. Volkswagen in 1939 preceding access to a constant flow of assets. It worked for the Nazi, war and military occupation administration, since when the alliance Government from migrating an open organization, its creation limit has been set up before the war, so no further speculations can be placed into creation after the war. Joined Kingdom additionally has the national lead enterprises, Morris, Austin autonomous vehicle creators, for example, a merger of the British Motor Corporation, British Motor Corporation and accordingly incorporated into the Leyland Motor Corporation, having some expertise in United Kingdom Leyland vehicles. Continuously 1980, Leyland Motor Company diversified United Kingdom highlighted vehicle items. What's more, Germany producer, United Kingdom car creators are progressively worried about abroad markets. Anyway the result is totally extraordinary. After the subsequent universal war, progressive United Kingdom Government have asked vehicle organizations attempt to sell vehicles abroad so as to pull in outside trade income to counterbalance the enormous war obligation owed by the State. (Tony Judt writes in the Postwar:A History of Europe Since 1945, the Government’s trade target is toward the finish of the 1940 ‘s, United Kingdom creation of car fares to 75% percent of the all out creation). A few organizations so as to rapidly expand creation and even wilful disregard of value the executives. At first, United Kingdom vehicles of low quality and didn't have a negative effect. Joined Kingdom organization has consumed the market: United Kingdom arranges in local and European markets far surpasses the gracefully. Makers on the creation of the European landmass isn't United Kingdom rivals: 1949 United Kingdom creation all out creation for the transport than in other European nations (Robert ,1995) However, with the progression of time, United Kingdom vehicle industry the low quality and notoriety for poor assistance. Different States vehicle part posting types to look over, European individuals don't accepting United Kingdom vehicles any more . At the point when the British chose to redesign the vehicle business, and creation lines to improve modernized gear, United Kingdom, vehicle organizations couldn't care for Germany organizations as money ventures and credits from the banks. They can't hope to find support from the Government for help. In any case, in London, under political tension, so as to comply with the choice of the neighborhood government and to console the nearby legislators and worker's organization associations, they need to work in lacking rustic regions dispersion focus . In 1968, the United Kingdom of the Leyland Motor Corporation was under 60 unique plants. Joined Kingdom Government strategy make makers negative. After the war, Government as per the manufacturer’s piece of the pie before the war to them extremely limited quantity of iron and steel, the past method of financial improvement in numerous enterprises to be solidified. Security of flexibly isn't set up, a bogus appeal and political weight. In the long run prompted the United Kingdom vehicle industry fail. Continuously 1970, Europe and Japan car producers started control of the British market, and on the quality and value beat the United Kingdom. The 70 ‘s oil emergency, United Kingdom joined the European Community, and the United Kingdom at last ensured advertise vanished in light of an inversion of provincial, which inevitably wrecked the United Kingdom free of the car business. Joined Kingdom autonomous car industry decrease and extreme destruction, to a great extent in the interest of United Kingdom general course of financial turn of events. Joined Kingdom economy aren’t so terrible at the start: Roger in The British economy since 1945:engaging with in the discussion called attention to that the 1951 United Kingdom is Europe’s significant assembling communities, all out creation was Germany and France and twice times. Joined Kingdom accomplishing full work, and financial advancement has been more slow than different nations, yet additionally in the development stage. Joined Kingdom’s installments emergency, fundamentally from 6 years to battle Germany and Japan amass immense obligations owed by, what's more, to help viable barrier framework after the war and the generous consumption. In 1955 resistance spending as a portion of national salary of 8. 2%, Germany spending not exactly United Kingdom half. (Roger,2000) . In the 1950 authentic was exaggerated, United Kingdom it is hard to sell enough abroad items, to compensate for Sterling against the dollar’s long haul shortfall. As an island country, United Kingdom is absolutely subject to imported food and a lot of crude materials, throughout the entire existence of United Kingdom depends altogether on the Commonwealth took over control of advantaged markets to compensate for this inconvenience. Two powers of contention Through the correlation of the above we can see that in the unique time of government intercession in the economy, Germany has accomplished an effective social market economy way, however the procedure was not going great. Essential Law of the Federal Republic of Germany happened on May 24, 1949, area 2,3,9,12,14 provides:Must have its limits the State in dealing with the economy. Accordingly, nullifying the brought together monetary administration framework. Strategic in the structure of the arrangements of the country’s monetary request and governing rules and oversee strife that is raised at the network level. States ought not intercede legitimately in the process of giving birth clashes, yet should build up a lawful structure for work relations into a specific measure of redistribution through the assessment and social arrangement execution. (Overy,2003). Because of the incorporation of social and market two components, that is, the harmony among monetary and social turn of events, consequently, unavoidable during the time spent financial turn of events, there

Mechanical Engineering Resume Examples, Template Tips

Mechanical Engineering Resume Examples, Template Tips Whether or not you want to accept that this world is changing rapidly, new technologies appear and it is advancing so fast that it is very hard to keep track of it and educate enough young people to work that type of job.That’s why there is always a deficit of people working in the high-tech fields, such as IT, computer science and, of course, mechanical engineering.It is hard to master everything you need to know, and when you do that, something new appears, and you have to learn that all over again.But, no matter the difficulties and struggles, one thing is certain here: the pay is very good!That’s why a lot of young people decide to go for these professions, which could provide them with enough money to live normally for the rest of their lives.When there are a lot of people, that means competition is very high, and that you need to be able to stand out of the crowd if you want to get that dream job.One way to do it is by having a resume that is capable of leaving a significan t impact on potential employers.But what defines a good resume?Let’s see some of the most important points:The ability to be different than the other resumes in order to attract the attention of the recruiters;To include everything that is important and to exclude unimportant information from your resume;Good-looking template to show your professionalism to the world;Length shouldn’t be either too short nor too long.We agree that some of these points might not be as clear as they should right now, but that’s why we are here today.We will give you some examples of good resumes regarding mechanical engineering.After that, we will explain each individual section of a resume and answer the questions about what to include and what to exclude from your resume.Without any further due, let’s begin!Manufacturing Engineer Resume Example Right Mechanical Engineer Resume Example Right Create your own resumeGUIDE ON WRITING THE PERSONAL INFO SECTIONIn order for recruiters to contact you and get to know you better, you need to share some personal information about yourself when writing your resume and applying for a job.However, not everything about yourself should be shared with other people. Depending on the position you want to apply for and other factors, you should think carefully about what to share with the public and what to keep for yourselfAnother important thing to note is that recruiters see your resume as your ID. Thus, you should write it in a certain order in order for it to look more professional. And what is a better way to start sharing info about yourself than starting with your personal information?Let’s take a look at what are the usual personal information people tend to share when writing a resume and how to properly write that information.If you don’t want to write all of this by yourself, we have great news for you! You can now use our custom resume template builder and create your own resume in no time.Full NameEvery time you meet someone for the first time, the first thing you share with them is, of course, your name. It’s the same when it comes to writing a resume.However, since the resume is a formal way to meet someone, aka your potential employer, it has to be done in a more professional way.That said, make sure you write your whole name and, under no circumstances, don’t use your nickname.Let’s see an example below.David Spencer RightDavid 'Macho' Spencer WrongProfessionIn order to show people what is your current employment status, or what is your field of specialization, you should write your title or your profession.PhotoNext important thing to include in your resume is a photograph. Sometimes it is not required, it depends on the job itself, but it is always a good idea to have a photo in your resume.And of course, sometimes companies specifically ask the applicants to include their photo with t heir resume and cover letter.What is important to remember is that you shouldn’t put just any photo of yourself. Instead, make sure to put one where you look professional.So, for instance, you shouldn’t put a photo of yourself on a beach, holding a beer and laughing with friends.That’s simply not the way to do it. It would make you look childish and unprofessional.So, make sure to dress nice, comb your hair, shave and take some nice pictures, where you will look like a real professional.Phone NumberAlthough it is sometimes optional, sharing your phone number is very important because it gives recruiters the option to contact you via multiple channels, since emails tend to get lost from time to time.More so, some recruiters prefer to talk directly to applicants, in order to get some initial thoughts about them over the phone.Not to mention that it is way faster to arrange an interview over the phone than over email, where you need to wait for the other side to answer the messag e.AddressSharing your address is usually not needed, but it cannot do any harm, so why not share it. It could also give recruiters an idea where do you come from, whether you might need to get a business car or payment for buses etc.E-Mail AddressIn this digital era, sharing your email address is no longer optional, but necessary thing to do.But, one thing to keep in mind is that you shouldn’t share just any of your email addresses.Since your resume needs to look professional, you should put some of your more professional-looking email addresses or just create a new one, only for things like this, where you need to apply for a certain job, etc.nicdelgado@gmail.com Rightnickythemonster@gmail.com WrongAs you can see in the table above, using your gaming nicknames or random names for your business email is not a good idea, because it simply doesn’t look professional.Social Media ProfilesToday’s business couldn’t be imagined without social media marketing.Social media platform s are a great way to get more people attached to your product or service, and they make it much easier for marketers to reach different types of people in one place.Hence, it shouldn’t be a surprise that a lot of people tend to put their social media profiles on their resumes.The only required social media profile you should always include in your resume is your LinkedIn profile. LinkedIn is very important because it brings all kind of businessmen together in one place, and it is a great way to chat with the people of the same qualifications about your job.Apart from that, you are also free to add any other social media profiles you want. Like for instance, Twitter, Facebook, and even Instagram profiles.Another very good info to share about yourself is your Skype profile if you have one. It can be very important for people who work with international clients and for those who are applying for a company which is located in a foreign country.GUIDE ON WRITING THE SUMMARY SECTION FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERSDespite resumes being short and without any extensive information, you should briefly describe everything that is in your resume by having a separate summary section.There, you need to write what is your current experience, what skills you can offer to potential employers and what are your previous achievements if you have some and how you can apply all that to help your company thrive.The summary section is supposed to be as short as possible, but also as informative as possible.Let’s see what we mean by that.SummaryManufacturing engineer with over 10 years of experience, specialized mostly in designing and manufacturing of crucial airplane components for Boeing and US military. Looking for an opportunity to apply all those skills, in order to improve the efficiency and stability of both civilian and non-civilian aircraft. RightSummaryManufacturing engineer with some experience, looking for an opportunity to apply all his skills. WrongAs shown in the table a bove, the summary on the right is very shallow, without too much information, while the one on the left is very informative. That helps recruiters see what was your previous experience, what type of job you know how to do well, and how you can contribute to the company with all those skills.If you have worked in different fields, you should also write that down in the summary section. That would show that you are an experienced candidate capable of doing work on multiple positions and different fields. Let’s see an example.SummaryMechanical engineer with 7 years of experience in different fields, such as working on HVAC projects for companies’ buildings and shorter time spent in Rockwell, where I worked on B-1B Lancer supersonic jet bomber. Looking for an opportunity to apply skills I learned on different and interesting projects. RightSummaryMechanical engineer with the experience in multiple fields looking for an opportunity to apply his skills. WrongAs you can see, rather t han just saying how you have experience in multiple fields, it would be a good idea to write what those fields were and what are some achievements you might have acquired along the way.That way, your resume will look more professional, and recruiters would be more likely to invite you to an eye-to-eye interview.HOW TO SHOWCASE YOUR WORK EXPERIENCE AS MECHANICAL ENGINEERWhen you write the experience section of the resume, you should start from the present day and go back to the past.Or let’s say, you should use reverse-chronological order, meaning that you would first write your most recent job and finish with your first job.That scheme is used for almost every bit of information in resumes. Let’s take a look, shall we? Right WrongAnother thing to note here in the table is that there are a couple of points for each job, describing what the job itself was and what were tasks.That way, you will give more insight to recruiters, letting them know what skills you might have acquired along the way while working on those jobs.That could help them when they need to decide whether to hire you or not, by matching the skills you have with the skills needed for the job position they are offering.This process can be time-consuming and even boring from time to time, so why don’t you just use our resume template builder and help yourself out by just filling the information, without having to manually create your own template.GUIDE ON WRITING THE EDUCATION SECTIONNow that you wrote what kind of experience you previously had, it is time to write something about your education.As with the experience section, you should write your highest education first, then go to the lowest.Frankly, a lot of highly-educated people do n’t even write elementary schools or even high schools, but only universities because they want to keep the resume as short as possible.Let’s take a look at some example. Right WrongAs you can see in the table, the right way is to use the reverse-chronological order to write information about your education.Apart from that, make sure to include some points about your grades, especially if you had high grades and some information about the activities you had done while you were attending your classes, aka some school or student projects or some accomplishments, such as making onto the Dean’s list for multiple semesters.All that helps to build a picture that will show the recruiters what kind of person you are and whether you are a good candidate for the position or not.WHAT MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SKILLS TO INCLUDE IN YOUR RESUMEA lot of people tend to put all kind of stuff in the skills section of their resume, simply because they think every skill they have is relevant for the job in question.A part of it might be true, but you have to remember that resume should be as short as possible, no longer than one page, so you need to put only the most importan t information onto it.Instead of putting all the skills you have, you should only put skills that are relevant for the job you apply for. Let’s take some example Right WrongTIPS TRICKSThese were the guides on main sections that each resume should have.Now that we are done with that, how about we go through some of the smaller, but also very important things you need to think about when you decide to write an interesting resume.Font Style Size â€" one of the first questions you may ask yourself is what kind of font you should use to write your resume. Is there a generally accepted font, or is it individual preference? The answer is that there is not any general font people choose to write their resumes, but they usually use ones that are easy to read and which looks good in the eyes of the person who reads them. That means that you should only use hand-written styles for the title while avoiding it when it comes to writing the main text because it would look more professional.Making Bulleting List â€" resumes should be no longer than one page. That means you need to avoid writing too many unnecessary information. Thus, it would be a good idea to make a bulleting list for the most important things you want to add to your resume. Just make sure that each point is no longer than 3 rows. If it is longer, it could overwhelm the text with unneeded information, making your resume more like a novel than a brief description of your life and deeds.File Formats â€" some, usually inexperienced people tend to keep their resumes in word.txt file format, thinking that format itself is not so important. That kind of thinking is completely wrong. While not being the most important thing, having a good document format is important none the less, because it would make your resume look more professional. That’s why it is a good idea to convert your TXT file into PDF. The PDF format is harder to edit and somehow looks neater. Also, make sure to name your resume as “First Name_Last Name_Job Position.pdf”. That way it’s easier for recruiters to recognize you.Resume Template â€" you may think that the template you pick or create by yourse lf is not important, but in that case, you would be so wrong. What makes resume template very important is that it represents one side of your personality, so when recruiters see the very organized template, the first thing they surely note is that you could be a very neat and organized person, which is something every employer values. There are hundreds or even thousands of custom templates all over the internet if you are not feeling like creating one for yourself. In that case, you should try out our resume template builder.E-Mail Check â€" though this doesn’t have to do much with the resume per se, it is still useful tip. Whenever you apply for a job, make sure to regularly check your emails, so you don’t miss the message from potential employers. Sometimes it is very easy to miss these emails because it could happen that they go to the spam folder, so make sure to check that as well.Revisiting your Resume â€" you managed to finish writing your resume? Great! Now you need to revisit it in order to check if you covered everything that is important and provided the recruiters with the information about you that could be relevant to the position you want to apply for. You can do that by looking at the resume from a different perspective. Pretend you are a recruiter and analyze your own resume bit by bit. By doing this, you should be able to notice if there is anything wrong with your resume and if there is something you missed. That way, you will be able to correct your mistakes and make your resume look more professional.Different job, different Resume â€" applying to be a mechanical engineer and an accountant is not the same. Some skills that are important for doing one job is irrelevant when it comes to doing the latter. That’s why you have to adapt your resume to the position you want to apply for. Change the skills you might have, use ones that could be relevant to the job. After all, a resume should be a short overview of your life, skills, and in terests.Political Opinions and Activities â€" sometimes your political status and opinions matter, especially in countries that are known for their high influence of politics in almost every part of people’s life. In that case, if you are a member of the right party, you might receive some benefits and even be employed because of it. But, the problem comes when you meet every requirement recruiters are looking for, except the one where you belong to their political party. In that case, it often happens that someone else, who is less qualified than you, receive the job, simply because they share the same political views as the people on top of the company. For that reason, it might not be a good idea to include any political opinion and activities in your resume.Using the right Grammar â€" when writing a resume, make sure to use proper grammar. It is one of the crucial things you need to do. Having a lot of typos would make your resume looks less professional and sloppy. That itsel f could ruin your chances of getting the job.Constantly update your Resume â€" every time you learn something new and get rather important skills, make sure to look back to your resume and put it in there, so your resume would be up to date and ready in case you stumble onto some great job opportunity.CONCLUSIONThat would be everything folks! In this article, we learned how to write a perfect resume for Mechanical Engineering.If you still feel very doubtful on how to do it yourself, remember that you are free to use our resume template builder and create a perfect resume in just a couple of minutes. Create your own resume

Emily Dickinson s Literary Research Essay - 1443 Words

Nancy Moore Professor Howell English 112 14 April 2015 Emily Dickinson Literary Research Essay Emily Dickinson was born December 10, 1830. Not much is known about her childhood as related to her writings but she did write letters to friends while in her pre-teen and teenage years. Those writings reflected her reluctance to become fully immersed in Christianity even though she was raised in a Christian home. Her world view seemed to be that she loved the world and wanted to experience it in all its splendor, and did not want to abstain from any of it in order to be a Christian. She did have Christian- like characteristics in that she was kind, thoughtful and cared about the welfare of others. In her hometown of Amherst, Massachusetts, social life consisted of church functions, college gatherings, and other forms of socialization such as buggy rides or discussing books. These types of things were not important to her. The physical world itself was more important to Dickinson, and it showed in her poetry. In her poem â€Å"I dreaded that first Robin, so† (DiYanni, p.923), she refers to woods, daffodils, grass and bees. She was concerned with life and death, and wanting others, as well as herself, to experience as much of life as possible no matter the consequences. She once told her older brother Austin when he was considering having an affair due to a ‘loveless’ marriage, and confided in her, â€Å"Go further, Austin. For me. . . . Do you want to die withoutShow MoreRelatedEssay on Emily Dickinson and Her Poetry3197 Words   |  13 PagesEmily Dickinson and Her Poetry Emily Dickinson is one of the great visionary poets of nineteenth century America. In her lifetime, she composed more poems than most modern Americans will even read in their lifetimes. Dickinson is still praised today, and she continues to be taught in schools, read for pleasure, and studied for research and criticism. Since she stayed inside her house for most of her life, and many of her poems were not discovered until after her death, Dickinson was uninvolvedRead MorePoems with Theme with Life and Death and Their Analysis8446 Words   |  34 Pagesresponses to his or her own existence and to the surrounding world. It is an expression of what is thought and felt, rather what is known as fact. Nature and Use: Poetry is much harder to define, though it is perhaps more recognizable than other literary forms. In print poetry has a markedly different appearance from other types of literature. This difference may help to define the characteristics that separate it from the other types. Prose fills a page, while poetry ordinarily does not. It is usuallyRead MoreCalculus Oaper13589 Words   |  55 Pageshtm Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence †¨ Adrienne Rich    Adrienne Rich s essay constitutes a powerful challenge to some of our least examined sexual assumptions. Rich turns all the familiar arguments on their heads: If the first erotic bond is to the mother, she asks, could not the natural sexual orientation of both men and women be toward women? Rich s radical questioning has been a major intellectual force in the general feminist reorientation to sexual matters

The Biracial Population and Personal Identity - 2260 Words

In today’s society the high influx of interracial marriages between Black and White individuals has resulted in the biracial population increasing significantly over the past 30 years (Roth, 2005). According to the 2010 census, the number of American children that categorize themselves as biracial has increased to 4.2 million, making it the quickest emergent youth group in the United States (Census, 2010). This has led to interest in the biracial population; recent literature has shown that amongst many studies, â€Å"individuals perceive the relationship between their mixed parentage and their self identity differently† (Rockquemore Brunsma, 2002). This is significant in the area of child development and family studies because self-identity†¦show more content†¦Although this study furthers the understanding that the process of racial identity formation in biracial children may begin within the family it does fall short addressing some issues. By using Census data researchers could not foresee if the racial categories that were opted by families changed over time. Also this study lacks discourse on the influence that the factor of appearance can have on shaping racial identity in biracial children. To further explore the various ways biracial people understand their racial identity Rockquemore Brunsma (2002), suggested that there is a multidimensional model for biracial identity, with biracial individuals creating numerous ways of understanding their racial identity. According to this model, biracials can choose to racially identify exclusively with one of their parents, that is they see themselves as exclusively White or exclusively Black. The border identity option is when individuals choose to blend their dual heritage and categorize their racial identity as exclusively biracial. The protean identity option suggests that biracials have multiple choices and can move freely between black, white, and biracial identities. 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Have you learned something new about your own racial, ethnic, or cultural history? Trends in immigration will continue to shape the demographics of the United States. What will the U.S. population look like in the year 2050? Why do you think so? What challenges does the United States face due to the diversity of its people? What are the benefits of such a diverse society? How can we foster a climate of acceptance and cultural pluralism inRead MoreInterracial Relationships1553 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica has had a long history of racism. This fact is more easily understood if racism is understood for what it really is. It is more than just personal hatred. Racism is the â€Å"belief that a particular race is superior or inferior to another, that a person’s social and moral traits are predetermined by his or her inborn biological characteristics† (What is Racism). The 21st century has brought a lot of changes to the American society. Nevertheless, racism still exists owing to the truth that itRead MoreMulticultural Counseling Is Becoming A Imperative As A Part Of Counseling Professional Essay2184 Words   |  9 Pages​Multicultural counseling is becoming more imperative as a part of counseling professional’s training and education due to the continuing increase of diversity within our population (Sue Sue, 2016). The European Western frame from which counseling professionals have based their practices on, are not adhering to the different cultures and how different cultures respond to these practices. Each person belonging to a different culture can often respond negatively to the non-cultural specific practicesRead MoreMixed Culture And Mixed Race Identity970 Words   |  4 PagesThis section seeks to understand how mixed race individuals’ social identities are shaped by their multiracial heritage by focusing on the growing body of research on development of mixed race identity in a multicultural society. In contrast to traditional, monoracial models of social identity development, a multiracial approach has been necessitated by the expansion of globalization and interracial relationships (Kellogg Liddell, 2012, p. 525). In Paragg’s (2017) study â€Å"What are you?†: Mixed raceRead MoreDiversity and Difference in Early Childhood Essay1148 Words   |  5 PagesTOPIC: Diversity and Difference in Early Childhood Education Personal interest: My first awareness of racial identity and diversity occurred when I was in Year 3. Having being raised acknowledging acceptance of people of racial or cultural difference my thoughts of children of colour were positive and impartial. However, one day a boy in my class of Sri Lankan descent got into trouble with another student, but only the Sri Lankan boy was asked to go to the principal’s office. During our lunchRead MoreThe Poston Biracial Identity Development Model1742 Words   |  7 PagesPersonally I feel that I identify myself within the Poston Biracial Identity Development Model. This model is focused for individuals that identify with multiple racial or ethnic groups. The stages of this model are the personal identity stage, choice of group categorization stage, enmeshment/denial stage, appreciation stage, and the integration stage. The personal identity stage is when an individual is independent of race or ethnicity. When I was in elementary school probably around 5 or 6 years

CS Southwest Free Essays

How has the original strategy been altered in recent years? How, if at all, have these changes affected Southwest’s key success factors? Southwest added longer routes to its flights and its fun employees outweighed other service factors. Aside from more flights to more distant locations, there were many opportunities to add shorter flights to schedules connecting existing stations in the network. Expanding to Baltimore was a cautious move that proved fruitful. We will write a custom essay sample on CS Southwest or any similar topic only for you Order Now The airline did not lose its â€Å"LUVS’ culture by operating there. Thus, the Southwest culture as brought to the East Coast. They later expanded northeastward successfully. Other than the afore-mentioned changes, Southwest also agreed to code share with another airline, changed the boarding process and introduced new fares, products, services and policies. All of these changes helped propel the airline even higher than its competitors. 3 What kinds of things over which Southwest’s leadership has some control could go wrong? What should be done to make sure they don’t happen? Decisions to institute service in an airport leading could go wrong. Since there as a risk of traffic delays at Philadelphia, Southwest’s leadership should have made better evaluations. Ample careful planning and consultation should have been made prior to major decisions such as this. 4 Based on your response to question 3, what further changes, if any, need to be made by Southwest’s leadership in the face of competitive moves and general economic conditions? How to cite CS Southwest, Papers

Attitudes Avoidance In The United Kingdom - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Attitudes Avoidance In The United Kingdom? Answer: Introducation Among the above mentioned law sections, section 108-20 of the ITAA 1997 shows that loss of $1000 that is incurred during the deal that took place i.e., the sale of home sound system cannot be approved to be considered as set off, this law mainly states that no losses can be considered that is incurred from the disposal of used assets. The law section 108-10 of the ITAA 1997, states that losses incurred cannot be set off that is associated with the common gains in the shape of sales of shares (Van der Velde, 2014). The offset can also be considered according to law section 108-10 of ITTA 1997. In this case Eric has gained profit from disposed assets and this cannot be considered as current year capital. Here Erics gain proportion amounts to $15000. Thus the main point here is, Eric cannot offset losses since he obtained profit from the disposal of assets Issue that highlights in this case is mainly concerned with the ascertainment of FBT and this is in accordance with the Taxation Ruling of TR 93/6. Thus the law that is applicable here is the Taxation ruling of TR 93/6. Computation of Fringe Benefit Tax Law section under taxation rulings of TR 93/6 states that economic institutions make strategies for offsetting the account that is related to loan activities and these strategies undertaken are often refereed as interest offset agreement. Here the products are restructured for offsetting the interest that is owned by the clients. For this reason account holders are not liable to pay any amount for the use of income tax with respect to profit earned from the account. Now according to the taxation rulings of TR 93/6, if the bank discharges then Brian will not be liable to pay income tax that is related to refunding interest on loan. Thus it can be concluded that, Brian will not be eligible to pay income tax liability if he is restricted from paying interest by the bank (Arcand and Tranchant, 2012). Here in this case it can be observed that Jack and Jill are the co owners of a rental property and both are liable for the provision of loss that is incurred from the rental property. Here in this case the law sections which are applicable are F.C. of T. v McDonald(1987), Taxation rulings of TR 93/32 and Section 51 of the ITAA 1997. Now if the application of each law section is considered then it can be observed that: The case of F.C. of T. v McDonald(1987) 18 ATR 957 application shows that the taxpayers wife and he officially own rental property. The two owners agreed to establish agreement that shows that the net profit that is obtained from the rental property will distributed as 25 percent to McDonald and 75 percent to Mrs McDonald. This figures are agreed according to net profit but from the loss perspective it will be only borne by Mr McDonald (Pavlisko and Sporn, 2014). The taxation ruling of TR 93/32 shows the ground which points the division of net income or loss that is generated from leasing the property that is owned by the co owners. The law section here mainly shows the assessment of taxable position of the co-owners who are accountable for their actions. The case that is referred to Jack and Jill shows the assessment of taxable position for the rental property. Jack here is entitled for 10 percent of the property while Jill is entitled for 90 percent of the property (Sanders, 2014). Now the taxation rulings of TR 92/32 shows that co-ownership of rental property is known as one partnership for collecting income tax and this cannot be considered as one partnership under the general law except the ownership accounts of any business practice, here the co ownership is considered as partnership as this can fulfil purpose of income tax. The loss of earning from rental property is thus managed through the ownership of property as well as from the distribution of profits and losses. This case mainly shows that co-ownership of rental property includes income tax purpose and this cannot be considered as partnership (Wishlade, 2015). Finally the taxation ruling of TR 92/32 shows that co-owners of the rental property usually not considered partners. In this case the partnership agreement is either in the shape of writing or oral form that does not include its effect on the shared value of income or loss from the property. Therefore, Co-owners Jack and Jill will hold the property as the joint renters. Thus conclusion drawn from the above case shows that, both Jack and Jill need to distribute the loss from property equally and joint ownership does not account as partnership business (Wishlade, 2015). IRC v Duke of Westminster[1936] AC 1 is used in the case of tax avoidance. One principle recognized in this aspect states that each individual is authorized to order his affairs for allowing the taxation which is made in fitting Act. Although this cannot be considered because this ruling was attractive to others who are looking for avoiding tax with respect to laws complex design and these are undermined by the subsequent cases where the courts have looked on the overall effect. An example if cited then it can be observed that court in the upcoming stages is provisional and thus was adopted under the WTRamsay v. IRC principle. This case here shows that transaction has been determined earlier and this is served not in the form of commercial use. The ideal rule was to impose tax for expanding the deal a total fact (Sceales, 2015). Currently, this principle within Australia states that if an individual is able to make this result protected, then the Inland Revenue will be of their scheme and it is not compulsory to pay any augmented sum of tax. Further, it is understood that this feature allows individuals and corporations for designing the financial agreements with respect to their fixed objectives of decreasing the tax liabilities that is upon their structures of laws (Bloom, 2015). Here the issue is concerned with the estimation of income that is derived from the sale of felled timber under subsection 6 (1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936. Beside this law section, McCauley v.The Federal Commissioner of Taxationruling is also applied in this current case. Here in this case it is found that Bill owns a land where there are several pine trees. Here Bill intended to utilize the land for grazing sheep and Bill wanted to clear his intentions with a clear view. Bill then discovered a company that agreed to pay him $1000 for every 100 meters of timber. The taxation ruling that is related here is 95/6, states that income tax generating from the performance of production and forestry. The ruling here offers the boundary which shows the takings that is derived from the sale of timber. This characteristic shows measurable income which shows that tax payers are indulged into the activities of forestry industry. Now according to subsection 6 (1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936, here the tax payers are indulged into the activities of forest thus it can be known as the prime creator (Atkinson, 2012). The subsection 6 (1), the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936, shows major production is defined as the trees that crop up within agricultural land is required for felling forest. The case study thus shows that, Bill is regarded as the primary producer because he has involved into the processes of primary production subsection 6 (1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936. The forest operation thus mainly includes felling of trees in a forest although the tax payers are not concerned about the planted trees (Bevacqua, 2015). Bill here although the owner of land but he did not planted the trees, yet the whole amount of takings is owned by Bill from the sale of felled timber thus includes measurable earning .Thus inspite of these facts, the sales combines either full or part of assets of a business, the trees considered are taken as measurable income of the tax payers under subsection 6 (1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936. In the mentioned case, if the tax payer pays a lump sum of $50,000 by surrendering the right to the organization for removing the required amount of timber, then the amount accepted will be considered as Royalties. In agreement with the section 26 (f) shows receipt of royalties that is received from the tax payer. Hence Bill is not allowed to carry out operations in forest. This is mainly due to the reason Bill did not planted the trees. Under McCauley v.The Federal Commissioner of Taxationit is shown that payments obtained from the grantor are under the right of doing so (OKMARK, 2014). Thus the sum received by Bill as royalty combines measurable income under section 26 (f). Thus it can be concluded that income accepted from the cutting of timber will be considered as taxable earnings under subsection 6 (1) of the ITAA 1997. References Arcand, J.L. and Tranchant, J.P., 2012. Institutions, Mobilisation and Rebellion in Post-Colonial Societies. Atkinson, C., 2012. General anti-avoidance rules: Exploring the balance between the taxpayer's need for certainty and the government's need to prevent tax avoidance.J. Austl. Tax'n,14, p.1. Bevacqua, J., 2015. ATO accountability and taxpayer fairness: An assessment of the proposal to split the Australian taxation office.UNSWLJ,38, p.995. Bloom, D., 2015. Tax avoidance-a view from the dark side.Melb. UL Rev.,39, p.950. OKMARK, L., 2014. " You Can't Handle the Truth"... Well, the States That Is: The Legality of State-Imposed Transfer Taxes on Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Housing Finance Agency.N. ILL. UL REV. ONLINE J.,5, pp.91-91. Pavlisko, E.N. and Sporn, T.A., 2014. Mesothelioma. InPathology of asbestos-associated diseases(pp. 81-140). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Sanders, A.K. ed., 2014.The principle of national treatment in international economic law: trade, investment and intellectual property. Edward Elgar Publishing. Sceales, R.W.F., 2015.A review of the trend in the judicial interpretation, and judicial attitudes towards tax avoidance in the United Kingdom, Australia and South Africa, with reference to the" declaratory" and" choice" theories of jurisprudence(Doctoral dissertation). Van der Velde, J., 2014. Debt forgiveness-Is it really that scary?.Taxation in Australia,48(11), p.643. Wishlade, F., 2015. Recent Developments in Competition Policy and Regional Aid:: Adjusting to a'New Normal'.

Oedipus/Antigone Response free essay sample

What factors contributed to Antigone’s downfall, and does the end of the play satisfy the audience’s demands for justice? There are different factors that contribute to the downfall of Antigone. Firstly, the fact that two of her brothers have been fighting to death for the throne has had a negative impact on her life. She has lost both of her brothers at the same time. Secondly, Antigone believed that her decision was following divine justice. For example, she once said to Creon â€Å"Your order was outrageous. And lastly, she has been arrested and put into a cave for following her sense of justice has led to the downfall of Antigone. Despite the fact that Creon has taken back his words and fix what he did, everyone has died and hence, the audience’s demand for justice is not satisfied. 2. Referring to at least three tragic elements, determine whether Creon or Antigone is the more tragic hero(ine). We will write a custom essay sample on Oedipus/Antigone Response or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to â€Å"Once upon a Greek stage†, we can determine that Creon is definitely the more tragic hero than Antigone via some elements: hamartia, hubris and catharsis. First, hamartia is basically when Creon suffered greatly because of his actions. That caused the lost of his family and the support of his country. Next, the tragedy concept of hubris is largely demonstrated through Creon. For instance, as the king of Thebes, the people all looked to him for the answer. This made him believed that he was always right and everything had to go in the way he wanted to: â€Å"I am King of Thebes, Antigone. I have a duty as a monarch. Moreover, he also believed that his decision was right in the punishing of Antigone, despite that fact that she was engaged to Haemon, Creon’s son. â€Å"A broken law is a broken law, and lawbreakers must be punished. Antigone will be no exception. † In this case, his sense of pride was the tragic flaw that led him to his downfall. At the end, Creon finally realized that his pride has brought everything down, and also was the cause of his family’s death. Comparing to Antigone, in the end of the story, s he still did not realize her faults and thought everything she did was following divine justice. About Creon, he was able to realize his mistakes at least, and this showed the tragedy of catharsis. The moment when he lost his wife and his son, it responded the sense of pity. Not only that, the sense of divine justice performed when he announced burying Polynices. Eventually, the conflict of the play developed him to be the more tragic hero than Antigone. 3. What universal truth is discussed within the play â€Å"Once upon a Greek stage†, and what implications result from this message? The play â€Å"once upon a Greek stage† contains a couple of universal truths. The fight between two blood brothers for the throne points out that family may not always support each other. Furthermore, Creon, uncle of Antigone, has acted cruelly to Antigone and Polynices; once again justify the truth above. Both Polynices and Eteocles have done wrong but only Eteocles was buried. It points out the universal truth that life is not always fair. It implies that sometimes, you might not get what you deserved, and that luck plays a vital role in life. In conclusion, â€Å"Drama is a fine way of teaching a universal truth. † Aristotle.

How English Became English

How English Became English How English Became English How English Became English By Maeve Maddox Here is a book certain to delight, enlighten, or annoy readers of language blogs like this one: How English Became English, Simon Horobin, OUP, 2016. Horobin, professor of English language and literature at the University of Oxford, has packed a huge amount of information into a 57 format of 175 pages, including bibliography and index. The book contains only seven chapters: 1. What is English? 2. Origins 3. Authorities 4. Standards 5. Varieties 6. Global Englishes 7. Why Do We Care? The first two chapters fulfill the promise of the title, placing English in the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family tree and detailing how it lost its inflexions and acquired a Latinate vocabulary. The chapter Authorities traces the early efforts of a patriarchal elite to fix living English into a straitjacket of long-dead Latin and explores the continuing desire by English speakers to be given unequivocal rulings as to what is correct and what is not. As an example of a rule originating in a period of male dominance that viewed the treatment of masculine gender as a default position as unexceptional, Horobin mentions the objection to using the plural pronoun they with a singular antecedent of uncertain gender. Certainly the male grammarians latched onto the rule and repeated it in their own style guides, but the first grammarian to suggest that he may be understood to include women was a woman: Ann Fisher (1719-1778), author of A New Grammar with Exercises of Bad English (1745). Note: From the time of Chaucer until the present, the use of plural they with a singular antecedent has been and remains common in the written work of respected authors. As an even more extreme example of sexist linguistic prescription, Horobin includes the rule of male precedence based on natural order put forward by one Thomas Wilson in 1553. Heres Wilsons comment on the preposterousness of mentioning a female subject before a male one (spelling modernized): Some will set the cart before the horse, as thus, My mother and my father are both at home, even as though the good man of the house wore no breecheslet us keep a natural order, and set the man before the woman for manners sake. Apart from putting women and the hoi polloi in their place, language critics of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries focused on purifying English and securing it from on-going change. Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift admired the French Academy and wanted something similar to govern the use of English. In Swifts view, It is better a Language should not be wholly perfect, than that it should be perpetually changing. Another eighteenth-century pundit, however- lexicographer Samuel Johnson- was forced to admit the impossibility of trying to embalm language. He may have begun his project thinking, as many speakers still do, that a comprehensive dictionary of English would fix the language and put a stop to those alterations which time and change have hitherto been suffered to make in it without opposition. He discovered that such expectations were as unrealistic as any others that aim to rid human society of its many imperfections. Nevertheless, from the efforts to stop the language from changing emerged the concept of Standard English. In Chapter Four, Horobin explains what a standard dialect is and- more importantly- what it is not. 1. Standard English is NOT inherently superior to all other forms of English. [Standard English] is an agreed norm that is selected in order to facilitate communication. 2. Standard English does NOT exclude colloquial speech or regional accents. Horobin points out that its possible to speak casually, bad words and all, without flouting the grammatical principles of Standard English. As for regional accents, its possible to speak Standard English in any accent, since accent refers only to features of pronunciation. 3. Standard English does NOT exist to serve as a social marker to distinguish snobs from regular people. Standard English is the dialect of government, commerce, and education. Success in the education system and access to the prestigious professions require a competence in the handling of Standard English. Standard English is class-neutral. 4. The teaching of Standard English in the schools is NOT optional. Although Standard English is not inherently superior to other dialects that children grow up speaking at home, schools have a duty to teach Standard English to children, irrespective of their background and linguistic heritage. Home dialects can be acknowledged and respected in the classroom, but, in Horobins words, not to teach it would be a dereliction of duty, since Standard English is an essential tool for enabling children to pass exams, and equipping them for the world of work. In Chapters Five and Six, Horobin discusses the astounding globalization of the language that began as a collection of Germanic dialects spoken by a few thousand people in a confined area 1,500 years ago. English is to the modern world what Latin was to the ancient world at the height of the Roman Empire. In the twenty-first century, an estimated 450 million people speak English as a first language, and 1 to 1.5 billion speak it as a second language in places all over the globe. A language spoken by so many in so many regions will inevitably morph into different dialects. And- like Latin- English may spawn a family of new languages that will be as distinct from their parent as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, and Catalan are from their ancestral Latin. One of several mixed varieties of English Horobin cites is Spanglish, also called Chicano English, a mix of English and Spanish that is a well-established dialect widely used among the more than 44 million members of Americas Hispanic population. Another is Singlish, a creole that combines English with Malay and is spoken in Singapore. The final chapter, Why Do We Care, explores the reasons speakers feel so strongly about language choices for themselves and others. Modern speakers realize that English has undergone significant change from generation to generation, but that doesnt prevent them from resisting change in their own generation. Its a kind of not in my backyard syndrome. Horobin explains this unwillingness to accept changes taking place in the English of today by the fact that it is impossible for us to take an external stance from which to observe current usage. We all know whats right, either because we remember what our teachers told us when we were children, or because we have a preferred style guide that keeps us on the straight and narrow now that we are adults. How English Became English is a wonderful little book, an information-packed resource that will surely do what Horobin hopes: stimulate and inform the never-ending dialogue between prescriptivists and descriptivists. Related posts: What To Do About Non-Standard English Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Religious Terms You Should KnowUse a Dash for Number Ranges30 Words for Small Amounts

Natural Monopoly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Natural Monopoly - Essay Example With the pay as you go payment model, this system is bound to favor most companies and firms especially the small firms. As the usage increases so does the costs for example the charges would depend on the number of users as well as the number of transactions. The different benefits of SaaS have gone a step further to encourage the monopoly that is in the software development world. Saas implementation will allow for the IT (Information Technology) budget to go further as the costs are lesser as compared to the acquiring of traditional software. The people services in SaaS are also not underestimated. Another advantage that is fanning the SaaS flame is that it allows for better management of growth. There is also the aspect of the vendor being accountable as they are and will remain in contact with the user even after the purchase of the software (MultiMedia Communications). As the computer software is hosted at the vendor’s premises in SaaS, the support offered by the vendor on the software only goes further to encourage users to opt for this technology. The staffs of the vendor company are in a better position to offer the best support as well as maintenance on the software. The software can and is also upgraded often as they are in close contact with the client and can get to know the changing user needs and requirements. The close contact will enable the development of software that is very detailed and specific to the user’s needs. Traditional software applications have not done much to discourage monopoly in the software development world. Traditional software is expensive as its upfront licensing costs as well as the annual evergreen support costs are off the roof. All other costs including maintenance and management are provided for by the user, an aspect that many a company are running away from as they try to minimize their

Design Thinking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Design Thinking - Assignment Example The analysis of such period aided in the understanding of the evolution of chief design process methods. Consequently, the analysis meant to discover from such evolution of design process methods the moment when design thinking got realized as an emerging approach as well as a framework of thinking that underscored all other prior methods of thinking. However, there was never a precisely framed linear progression of methodologies that emerged. Many methodologies were developed concurrently in various faculties as well as industries. The coining of the term design thinking date back to 1987 when Peter G. Rowe introduced the phrase in his book, ‘Design Thinking’. The design involves a call for conventional minds to change and collaborate. There are various approaches to designing thinking ranging from the participatory design, user-centered, service-centered to human-centered design thinking. The participatory design primarily focuses on user testing efficiency and end-user development. The user-centered design thinking stresses the significance of customers’ needs and paints user as central to the service or product development. The service-centered design focus on the importance of examining the user journey value and the stakeholder’s culture by stressing the need for a collaborative culture. The service design relates with the meta-design that advocates a collaborative, open source systems and holistic community development to ensure social sustainability. Therefore, service-centered design holistically engages the stakeholders and emphasizes on service sustainability. Finally, the human-centered design involves a collaborative and multidisciplinary social systems. There is also holistic engagement of the community development driven by empathy. The humanized approach applies those methods aimed at gaining direct audience understanding and thus

Biomedical instrumentation and measurement

Biomedical instrumentation and measurement INTRODUCTION: SA node controls the rate of hearts muscular contractions which enables the heart to circulate the blood throughout the body according to the need. Small variations in the heart beat are not harmful but in some cases due to malfunctioning of the hearts electrical system, the heart rate varies drastically resulting in different types of arrhythmias. These cardiac arrhythmias are serious disorders which should be treated immediately. Arrhythmias like bradycardia (low heart rate) can be treated using Pacemakers. Pacemakers can be implanted in the patients heart for permanently stimulating the heart. It is used for patients for whom the SA node is no longer functioning properly. External Pacemakers are also available which is used to treat temporary heart rate variations. It is used for a short period of time before the implanting the Internal Pacemakers in the heart. In order to understand the requirement of pacemakers, it is necessary to understand the functioning of the heart and its electrical system. HEART ITS ELECTRICAL SYSTEM: Heart is a pumping device which is used to circulate the blood throughout the body. It has four chambers namely Right Atrium, Left Atrium, Right Ventricle and Left Ventricle. The right atrium receives the deoxygenated blood from the entire body through the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins. When the atrium contracts the blood flows to the corresponding ventricle. This is due to atrial depolarization. When the left ventricle contracts, the oxygenated blood is supplied to all tissues in the body through the aorta. This is due to ventricular depolarization. Similarly, the deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation through the pulmonary artery during the contraction of right ventricle. This is due to ventricular repolarization. The Electrical conduction system of the heart consists of SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje Fibers. The chambers of the heart should be stimulated electrically for contraction. The stimulations are provided by the SA node (Natural Pacemaker of the heart) which is located in the right atrium of the heart near the entrance of the superior vena cava. Although all the heart cells have the ability to produce electrical pulses which can stimulate the heart, SA node triggers the heart. The fact that SA node produces pulses at a higher rate when compared to other potential cells which can stimulate contraction, contributes to this phenomena. The contraction of various chambers of the heart is characterized in a very specific manner. As the electric pulses pass through each chamber of the heart, they are stimulated to contract. The SA node first triggers the right and left atrium to contract. Then the impulses travel to the AV node which is located between the atria and the ventricles . From AV node ,the pulses travel to the bundle of his. The pulses travel to the individual ventricles through the right and left bundle branch and reach the Purkinje fibers. If the SA node fails, then the AV node acts as the primary pacemaker. If the AV node fails, then the Purkinje fibers takes the responsibility. The SA node receives blood supply from right and left coronary arteries. Under ischaemic conditions, the death of the affected cells will stop the SA node from triggering the heart beat. There is a period of time following the stimulation of heart muscle during which no other action potential can trigger the heart muscles. This period is known as Absolute or Effective Refractory Period (ERP) of heart. It is normally around 0.4 sec. ERP is maintained as high as possible in order to maintain tachycardia and to coordinate the muscle contraction. The anti-arrhythmic drugs taken by the patients usually prolongs the ERP. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM OF HEART ECG ITS SIGNIFICANCE: The electrical activity of the heart muscles is recorded as Electrocardiogram (ECG). It can be acquired non-invasively from the surface of the body by following specific lead configurations. The electrical current generated in the heart due to depolarization and repolarization is spread not only within the heart but also throughout the body. So, ECG can be easily acquired from the surface of the body through electrodes. ECG has four basic components namely, P wave, QRS complex, T wave and U wave. P wave occurs during atrial contraction due to atrial depolarization. The duration of the P wave ranges from 0.08- 0.1 sec. During the atrial depolarization, the impulse from the SA node spreads throughout the atrium. The time period between the onset of the P wave and the beginning of the QRS complex is about 0.12- 0.2 sec. During the zero potential period between the P wave and QRS complex, the impulse travels within the AV node and the Bundle of His.QRS complex occurs during ventricular c ontraction due to ventricular depolarization. The duration of the QRS complex ranges from 0.06-0.1 sec. T wave occurs during ventricular relaxation due to ventricular repolarization. Sometimes, a small positive U wave occurs following the T wave due to the last remnants of the ventricular repolarization. ELECTROCARDIOGAM NORMAL AND ABNORMAL ECG WAVES: Normal ECG: NORMAL ECG Heart rateis nothing but the number ofheartbeatsper unit oftimewhich is expressed as beats per minute (bpm) which can vary as the bodys need for oxygen changes, such as duringexercise or sleep. The measurement of heart rate is used bymedical professionalsto assist in thediagnosisand tracking of medical conditions. It is also used by individuals, such asathletes, who are interested in monitoring their heart rate to gain maximum efficiency from their training. TheR waveto R wave interval(RR interval) is the inverse of the heart rate ,that is one divided by RR interval gives the heart rate. Typical healthy resting heart rate in adults is 60-80 bpm which is referred to be normal heart rate,with rates below 60 bpm referred to asbradycardia and rates above 100 bpm referred to astachycardia. Missed ECG: MISSED ECG This can be detected when the R-R interval is twice the actual R-R interval (for normal subjects).Heart pulses misses at some intervals and does not follow the premature heart beat. Bradychardia: BRADYCARDIA This is a critical reduction of heart rate and characterized by normally directed abnormally wide P waves and normal PR interval. Whenever the R-R interval exceeds 1 sec the heart rate goes below 60 and the condition is referred to as Bradychardia. There are three types of Bradychardia conditions based on the characteristics of the ECG wave, they are Sinus bradychardia, Atrio-ventricular nodal bradychardia and ventricular bradychardia respectively. They are discussed below. Sinus bradycardia: SINUS BRADYCARDIA Sinus bradycardias are also called as Atrial bradychardias. This bradychardia condition is usually found in young and healthy adults. The symptoms represent with the individualsrespirations. Theabnormalpattern of eachinhalationcorresponds with the heart rate decreasing.Expirationcauses an increase in the hearts rate of contraction. This is thought to be caused by changes in the vagal tone duringrespiration. Sinus bradycardia is a sinus rhythm of less than 60 bpm. It is a common condition found in both healthy individuals and those who are considered wellconditioned athletes. The reason for this is that their heart muscle has become conditioned to have a higher stroke volume and therefore requires fewer contractions to circulate the same volume of blood. Sick sinus syndromecovers conditions that include severe sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial block, sinus arrest, and bradycardi-tachycardia syndrome (atrial fibrillation, flutter, and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia). Atrio ventricular nodal bradycardia: ATRIO VENTRICULAR NODAL BRADYCARDIA An atrio ventricular nodal bradycardia or AV junction rhythm is usually caused by the absence of the electrical impulse from thesinus node. This usually appear on anEKGwith a normal QRS complexaccompanied with an inverted P wave either before, during, or after the QRS complex. An AV junctional escape is a delayed heartbeat originating from anectopicfocus somewhere in theAV junction. It occurs when the rate ofdepolarizationof the SA node falls below the rate of the AV node.This dysrhythmia also may occur when the electrical impulses from the SA node fail to reach the AV node because of SA or AV block.This is a protective mechanism for the heart, to compensate for a SA node that is no longer handling the pace making activity, and is one of a series of backup sites that can take over pacemaker function when the SA node fails to do so. This would present with a longerPR interval. A junctional escape complex is a normal response that may result from excessive vagal tone on the SA node. Pathological causes include sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest, sinus exit block, or AV block. Ventricular bradycardia: VENTRICULAR BRADYCARDIA This picture shows an ECG of a person with an abnormal rhythm (arrhythmia) called an atrioventricular (AV) block. P waves show that the top of the heart received electrical activity. Each P wave is usually followed by the tall (QRS) waves. QRS waves reflect the electrical activity that causes the heart to contract. When a P wave is present and not followed by a QRS wave (and heart contraction), there is an atrioventricular block, and a very slow pulse (bradycardia). PACEMAKER AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE: More than 60% people fall victim to heart attacks in most of the countries around the globe every year and thousands more are critically injured in accidents. Taking care of these patients in special care units involves the usage of specialized equipments like pacemakers along the other important ones. In the past few years electronic pacemaker systems have become the important one in saving lives of cardiac patients whose normal pacing functions have been impaired. Depending on the exact nature of a cardiac dysfunction, a patient may require temporary artificial pacing during the course of treatment or permanent pacing in order to lead an active, productive life after treatment. A device capable of generating artificial pacing impulses and delivering them to the heart is known as a pacemaker system (commonly called a pacemaker) and consists of a pulse generator and appropriate electrodes. Pacemakers are available in a variety of forms. They are mainly divided into two types External pacemakers and Internal pacemakers respectively. EXTERNAL PACEMAKER: External pacemakers are used on the patients with temporary heart irregularities, such as those encountered in the coronary patient, including heart blocks. They are also used for temporary management of certain arrhythmias that occur in the patients during critical postoperative periods and in the patients during cardiac surgery, especially if the surgery involves the values or septum. An external pacemaker usually consists of an externally worn pulse generator connected to electrodes located on or within the myocardium. External pacemakers, which include all types of pulse generators located outside the body, are normally connected through wires introduced into the right ventricle via a catheter catheter. The pulse generator may be strapped to the lower arm of a patient who is confined to bed, or worn at the midsection of an ambulatory patient. We have made the pacemaker which can be divided into two general categories namely Asynchronous pacemaker Synchronous pacemaker ASYNCHRONOUS PACEMAKER: This type of pacemaker is intended for patients having permanent heart blocks. The rate is preset. It can be varied externally within the range of 60 PPM to 180 PPM. Since this pacemaker functions regardless of the patients natural heart rhythm it poses a potential danger because of competition between the patients rhythm and that of the pacemaker. PACING PULSES FROM ASYNCHRONOUS PACEMAKER SYNCHRONOUS PACEMAKER: In patients who have normal heart function most of the time, asynchronous pacing can be extremely dangerous, working against their own physiological pacemaker with the danger of stimulating in the vulnerable period of the T wave, a condition that can result in fibrillation. The demand pacemaker consists of an ECG amplifier and a conventional pacemaker output pulse circuit that has been modified to allow output from the ECG amplifier to inhibit the pulse generator. This pacemaker senses R-waves and its timing and logic circuits count out an elapsed time interval following an R-wave or previously induced pulse. If the intrinsic R-wave does not appear before the elapsed time interval, the ventricle is stimulated. If an R-wave is received, the counter is reset again. This type of pacemaker is used for patients with bradycardia, and it ensures a heartbeat no slower than its set rate. PACING PULSES FROM SYNCHRONOUS PACEMAKER INTERNAL PACEMAKER: Internal pacemaker are implanted within the pulse generator placed in a surgically formed pocket below the right or left clavicle, in the left subcostal area, or in women, beneath the left or right major pectoralis muscle. Internal leads connect to electrodes that directly contact the inside of the right ventricle or the surface of the myocardium. The exact location of the pulse generator depends primarily on the type of the electrode used, he nature of the cardiac dysfunction, and the method (mode) of pacing that may be prescribed .Since there are no external connections for applying power, the pulse generator must be completely self contained, with a power source capable of continuously operating the unit for a period of years. BIO POTENTIAL ELECTRODES: A wide variety of electrodes can be used to measure bio electric events but nearly all can be classified as belonging to one of three basic types; Micro electrodes Skin surface electrodes Needle electrodes All three types of bio potential electrodes have the metal-electrolyte interface. In each case, an electrode potential is developed across the interface, proportional to the exchange of ions to the metal and the electrolytes of the body. MICROELECTRODES: They are used to measure bio electric potentials near or within a single cell.Microelectrodes are electrodes with tips sufficiently small to penetrate a single cell in order to obtain readings from within the cell. The tip must be small enough to permit penetration without damaging the cell. This action is usually complicated by the difficulty of accurately positioning an electrode with respect to a cell. Because of their small surface area, they have impedances well up into the megohms. For this reason, amplifiers with extremely high impedances are required to avoid loading the circuit and to minimize the effects of small changes in interface impedance. SKIN SURFACE ELECTRODES: Skin surface electrodes are used to obtain bio electric potentials from the surface of the body. They are available in various size. Although any type of surface electrode can be used to sense ECG, EMG, EEG potentials, the larger electrodes are usually associated with ECG, since localization of the measurement is not important. Smaller electrodes are used in EEG and EMG measurements. Various types of disposable electrodes have been introduced in recent years to eliminate the requirement for cleaning and care after each use. In general, disposable electrodes are of the floating type with simple snap connectors by which the leads, which are reusable, are attached. Although, some disposable electrodes can be reused several times, their cost is usually low enough that cleaning for reuse is not warranted. They come pre gelled, ready for immediate use. NEEDLE ELECTRODES: To reduce interface impedance and, consequently, movement artifacts, some electroencephalographers use small subdermal needles to penetrate the scalp for EEG measurements. They are also used to measure EMG potentials from a specific group of muscles. They are less susceptible to movement artifacts when compared with surface electrodes as they create an interface beneath the surface of the skin. By making direct contact with the subdermal tissue or the intercellular fluids, these electrodes also seem to have lower impedances than surface electrodes of comparable interface area. Even though needle electrodes have less motion artifacts ,surface electrodes are used to acquire ECG because surface electrodes are more convenient for the patient .Most of the surface electrodes are cheap and reusable. ACQUISITION OF ECG USING 3 LEAD SYSTEM LEAD I CONFIGURATION: ECG sensors measure the time-varying magnitude of electric fields emanating from the heart. ECG values are measured by placing non-invasive electrodes at the surface of the patients skin. For a 3-lead ECG sensor, the electrodes need to be placed in a triangle (Einthoven Triangle) on the patients chest as shown in the figure 11. Each corner of the triangle corresponds to one of the limbs: right hand, left hand, left foot. With the bipolar system, one limb is connected to the positive terminal of the amplifier and another limb to its negative terminal. Three limbs (right arm-RA, left arm-LA and left leg/foot-LL) are used. The right leg was used as earth, to minimize interference. ECG AMPLIFIER: Bioelectric signals have very high input impedance. To stop the signal attenuation, we use Instrumentation Amplifier (AD 624) which also has high input impedance. It should have high gain and low output impedance .In order to remove the common mode signals ,it should have a high Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR of about 90 dB).The potential at the surface of the body ranges from 0 10 mV so the amplifier should have high gain (1000). We use a differential amplifier to amplify the bioelectric signals that occur as a potential difference between two electrodes, the bioelectric signals are applied between the inverting and non-inverting inputs of the amplifier. The signal is therefore amplified by the differential gain of the amplifier. For the interference signal, however, both inputs appear as though they were connected together to a common input source. Thus, the common mode interference signal is amplified only by the much smaller common mode gain. The electrode impedances form a v oltage divider with the input impedance of the differential amplifier. If the electrode impedances are not identical, the interference signals at the inverting and non-inverting inputs of the differential amplifier may be different, and the desired degree of cancellation does not take place. Because, the electrode impedances can never be made exactly equal, the high common mode rejection ratio of a differential amplifier can only be realized if the amplifier has an input impedance much higher than the impedance of the electrodes to which it is connected. There are different lead configurations such as 3-Lead, 5-Lead, 12-Lead for acquiring ECG Signal. We have used 3-Lead system Lead I Configuration. 12-CIRCUIT FOR ECG AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER OUTPUT SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION USING LABVIEW: LabVIEW (short for Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is a platform and development environment for Visual Programming Language from National Instruments. LabVIEW is a graphical programming environment used by millions of engineers and scientists to develop sophisticated measurement, test, and control systems using intuitive graphical icons and wires that resemble a flowchart. LabVIEW offers unrivaled integration with thousands of hardware devices and provides hundreds of built-in libraries for advanced analysis and data visualization. The LabVIEW platform is scalable across multiple targets and operating systems. LABVIEW is a GUI (Graphical User Interface) which can be used for processing of signals, images and other forms of data. One of the most powerful features LabVIEW offers engineers and scientists is its graphical programming environment. With LabVIEW, one can design custom virtual instruments by creating a graphical user interface on the computer screen through which one can: Operate the instrumentation program Control selected hardware Analyze acquired data Display results One can customize front panels with knobs, buttons, dials, and graphs to emulate control panels of traditional instruments, create custom test panels, or visually represent the control and operation of processes. The similarity between standard flow charts and graphical programs shortens the learning curve associated with traditional, text-based languages. The behavior of the virtual instruments can be determined by connecting icons together to create block diagrams, which are natural design notations for scientists and engineers. With graphical programming, one can develop systems more rapidly than with conventional programming languages, while retaining the power and flexibility needed to create a variety of applications. We have used Lab view to acquire the signal, filtering and do other processing of the ECG signal. The real time signal is given into as input to ELVIS I which acts as the DAQ (data acquisition system).The block diagram of the Lab view implementation is as shown in figure 14. STEPS INVOLVED IN LABVIEW IMPLEMENTATION: The ECG signal from the amplifier (using AD 624) is given as input to DAQ for acquiring the signal in Lab view software. FFT of the ECG signal is obtained and viewed. We can see the frequency content of the ECG signal from the FFT obtained. WE can also see the presence of 50 Hz power line interference in the FFT of raw ECG. A Smoothing filter with following specifications Moving average, Rectangular filter with a half width of 20 is constructed. The Smoothened ECG is viewed. Smoothing Filter is used to remove noise and 50 Hz power line interference. The Smoothened signal is given as input to the Butterworth Band Pass Filter of order 2 and a low cutoff frequency of 5Hz and high cut off frequency of 15Hz.Band Pass Filter is used to separate the QRS complex from the ECG Signal. The output of the Band Pass Filter is differentiated and squared inorder to enhance the QRS complex from the remaining portion of the waveform. The heart rate is calculated using timing and tone measurement block. The block gives the frequency of repetition of the QRS complex. The frequency value is converted into time value by taking inverse of it. Heart rate is calculated as follows. Heart Rate = 60/R-R Interval Example: R-R Interval = 760ms Heart Rate = 60/760ms = 78.94 Beats /Minute If the calculated heart rate is below the normal value, then pacing pulses are produced .This is done by using a case structure. The case structure turns on only when the case is true (Heart Rate is below normal value).Inside the case structure we have a square wave generator. The output of the square wave generator is differentiated and squared. We get a pulse as a result of these operations. The rate and amplitude at which the pulses are produced can be modified easily at run time using controls. Whenever the heart rate is normal, False condition is selected . For false condition, we set the amplitude and frequency of the square wave as zero so that the pacemaker is switched off. The Pacing Pulses generated can also be taken out as an analog voltage from the ELVIS and can be viewed in a DSO. Only voltages in the range +10 volts to -10 volts can be taken out from LABVIEW through ELVIS. PACEMAKER FINAL BLOCK DIAGARM. FRONT PANEL IN LABVIEW ENTIRE SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATTION We have implemented the case structure and other blocks by studying the general tutorials given in LV BASICS 1 MANUAL and LABVIEWBASICSII_85_ENG CLAD. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION: BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATTION BAND PASS FILTER: The amplifier which is used in software implementation (AD 624) is also used here. It is followed by a filter. The amplifier output is around 550 mV. A Filter is a circuit that is defined to pass a specified band of frequencies while attenuating all signals outside this band. Filter networks may be either active or passive. Passive filter networks contain only resistors, inductors and capacitors. Active filters employ transistors or op amps plus resistors, inductors and capacitors. Inductors are often used in active filters, because they are bulky and costly and may have large internal resistive components. Band Pass Filters pass only a band of frequencies while attenuating all frequencies outside the band. A simple high pass filter followed by a low pass filter will form a band pass filter. We have used a band pass filter (0.5Hz 40 Hz) to remove high frequency signals like EMG and low frequency components like Base Line Wandering and motion artifacts. We have used a second order Bu tterworth Filter with -40 db/decade roll-off. For Low Pass Filter, we used 0.5 Hz as the cut off frequency.C1 is chosen as a convenient value between 100 pF and 0.1Â µF.For High Pass Filter, we used 40 Hz as the cut off frequency. We have implemented a Band Pass Filter according to the design given in OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND LINEAR INTEGRATIONAL CIRCUITS. CIRCUIT AND DESIGN FOR BAND PASS FILTER NOTCH FILTER: A Notch Filter transmits frequencies in the pass band and rejects undesired frequencies in the stop band. In applications where low level signals must be amplified, there may be present one or more of an assortment of unwanted noise signals. Examples are 50, 60 0r 400 Hz frequencies from power lines, 120 Hz ripple from full wave rectifiers, or even higher frequencies from regulated switching type power supplies or clock oscillators. If both signals and signal frequency noise component are passed through a notch filter, only the desired signals will exit from the filter. The noise frequency is notched out. We have designed a active notch filter (using LM 324) to remove 50 Hz Power Line Interference. The amplitude of the acquired ECG signal is around 1 2 V. We got noise free ECG for real time signal acquisition as shown below. CIRCUITAND DESIGN FOR NOTCH FILTER REAL TIME ECG ACQUISITION QRS DETECTOR: In order to extract the QRS Complex from the ECG signal obtained, we use a band pass filter with center frequency of 17 Hz and band width of 6 Hz. The QRS signal obtained from the band pass filter is rectified for comparing with the threshold voltage generated by the detection circuit. The filtered and rectified ECG is stored on a capacitor. This filtered and rectified ECG is compared with the fraction of this voltage. Whenever a threshold voltage is exceeded, the QRS pulse is detected. After the detection of every QRS pulse, the capacitor recharges to a new threshold value after every pulse. CIRCUIT FOR QRS DETECTION MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR: Monostable Multivibrator generates a single output pulse in response to an input signal. It is also known as One Shot Multivibrator. The time period of the output pulse depends only on the external components (resistors and capacitors) connected to the op-amp. The duration of the input triggering pulse can be longer or shorter than the expected pulse. The duration of the output pulse is represented by the T. Since T can be changed only by changing the resistors and capacitors ,the one shot multivibrators can be considered as a pulse stretcher. This is because the width of the pulse can be longer than the input pulse. In a stable or standby state, the output of the multivibrator is zero or low-level logic. The output of the multivibrator is forced to go high (ËÅ"Vcc) when an external trigger is given. The output stays zero until the next triggering pulse is given. Then the cycle repeats. The monostable multivibrator has only one stable state. Hence, the name monostable. The QRS detector gives a pulse for QRS detected which is given as an input trigger for a monostable multivibrator. This monostable multivibrator is used to produce a positive pulse (amplitude 5V) of desired pulse width for every input triggering (negative edge triggering) from the QRS detector. We had used 555 Timer as a monostable multivibrator. MULTIVIBRATOR OUTPUT Thus, the analog section of the project gets over with multivibrator. The output of the multivibrator is processed using PIC18F 4550 Microcontroller. It marks the beginning of the controller section. MICROCONTROLLER: PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640 originally developed by General Instruments Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to Programmable Interface Controller, but shortly thereafter was renamed Programmable Intelligent Computer. PICs are popular with developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash memory) capability. Like all Microchip PIC18 devices, PIC18F4550 family are available as both standard and low-voltage devices. Standard devices with Enhanced Flash memory, designated with an F in the part number (such as PIC18F4550),accommodate an operating VDD range of 4.2V to 5.5V.Low-voltage parts, designated by LF (such as PIC18LF4550), function over an extended VDD range of 2.0V to 5.5V. Our project uses a standard PIC 18F4550.Hence this microcontroller uses a flash program memory of 24K bytes .It is a 8-bit microcontroller and so they handle data as 8-bit chunks. PICs have a set of registers that function as general purpose ram. Special purpose control registers for on-chip hardware resources are also mapped into the data space. The addressability of memory varies depending on device series and in PIC 18F4550 external code memory is directly addressable which is an exceptional feature compared to baseline and mid line core devices. PICs have a hardware call stack, which is used to save return addresses. The hardware stack is not software accessible on earlier devices, but this changed with the 18F4550 device. Hardware support for a general purpose parameter stack was lacking in early series, but this greatly improved in the 18F4550, making the this device architecture more friendly to high level language compilers. Core features All of the devices in thePIC18F 455 series family incorporate a range of features that can significantly reduce power consumption during operation. Key items include: Alternate Run Modes: By clocking the controller from the Timer1 source or the internal oscillator block, power consumption during code execution can be reduced by as much as 90%. Multiple Idle Modes: The controller can also run with its CPU core disabled but the peripherals still active. In these states, power consumption can be reduced even further, to as little as 4% of normal operation requirements. On-the-Fly Mode Switching: The power managed modes are invoked by user code during o